What Is The Demographic Makeup Of The Usa

Science that deals with populations and their structures, statistically and theoretically

The Demography of the World Population from 1950 to 2100. Data source: United Nations — Globe Population Prospects 2017

Demography (from prefix demo- from Aboriginal Greek δῆμος (dēmos) meaning 'the people', and -graphs from γράφω (graphō) significant 'writing, description or measurement'^[1]) is the statistical written report of populations, especially homo beings.

Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as pedagogy, nationality, religion, and ethnicity. Educational institutions^[2] commonly treat demography as a field of sociology, though there are a number of independent demography departments.^[3]

Patient demographics course the core of the data for any medical establishment, such as patient and emergency contact information and patient medical tape information. They let for the identification of a patient and his categorization into categories for the purpose of statistical analysis. Patient demographics include: date of nascency, gender (Ref: Google Health), date of expiry, postal code, ethnicity, claret type (Ref: Microsoft HealthVault: Personal Demographic Information, Basic Demographic Information), emergency contact information, family physician, insurance provider data, allergies, major diagnoses and major medical history.^[4]

Formal demography limits its object of report to the measurement of population processes, while the broader field of social demography or population studies likewise analyses the relationships between economic, social, cultural, and biological processes influencing a population.^[5]

History [edit]

Demographic thoughts traced back to antiquity, and were nowadays in many civilisations and cultures, like Ancient Greece, Aboriginal Rome, China and Republic of india.^[6] Made upwardly of the prefix demo- and the suffix -graphy, the term census refers to the overall study of population.

In ancient Greece, this tin be found in the writings of Herodotus, Thucydides, Hippocrates, Epicurus, Protagoras, Polus, Plato and Aristotle.^[6] In Rome, writers and philosophers like Cicero, Seneca, Pliny the Elder, Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Cato, and Columella as well expressed important ideas on this footing.^[6]

In the Middle ages, Christian thinkers devoted much time in refuting the Classical ideas on demography. Important contributors to the field were William of Conches,^[7] Bartholomew of Lucca,^[7] William of Auvergne,^[vii] William of Pagula,^[vii] and Muslim sociologists like Ibn Khaldun.^[eight]

One of the earliest demographic studies in the mod period was Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality (1662) past John Graunt, which contains a primitive form of life table. Among the study'southward findings were that one-third of the children in London died before their sixteenth altogether. Mathematicians, such as Edmond Halley, developed the life table as the basis for life insurance mathematics. Richard Price was credited with the first textbook on life contingencies published in 1771,^[9] followed later by Augustus de Morgan, On the Awarding of Probabilities to Life Contingencies (1838).^[10]

In 1755, Benjamin Franklin published his essay Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc., projecting exponential growth in British colonies.^[11] His piece of work influenced Thomas Robert Malthus,^[12] who, writing at the cease of the 18th century, feared that, if unchecked, population growth would tend to outstrip growth in nutrient production, leading to ever-increasing dearth and poverty (see Malthusian catastrophe). Malthus is seen equally the intellectual father of ideas of overpopulation and the limits to growth. Afterwards, more than sophisticated and realistic models were presented by Benjamin Gompertz and Verhulst.

In 1855, a Belgian scholar Achille Guillard divers demography as the natural and social history of human species or the mathematical knowledge of populations, of their general changes, and of their physical, civil, intellectual, and moral condition.^[13]

The period 1860–1910 can exist characterized as a period of transition where in demography emerged from statistics as a divide field of involvement. This period included a panoply of international 'smashing demographers' like Adolphe Quételet (1796–1874), William Farr (1807–1883), Louis-Adolphe Bertillon (1821–1883) and his son Jacques (1851–1922), Joseph Körösi (1844–1906), Anders Nicolas Kaier (1838–1919), Richard Böckh (1824–1907), Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), Wilhelm Lexis (1837–1914), and Luigi Bodio (1840–1920) contributed to the evolution of demography and to the toolkit of methods and techniques of demographic analysis.^[14]

Methods [edit]

There are two types of data collection—direct and indirect—with several different methods of each blazon.

Direct methods [edit]

Direct data comes from vital statistics registries that runway all births and deaths equally well every bit certain changes in legal status such every bit spousal relationship, divorce, and migration (registration of identify of residence). In developed countries with good registration systems (such as the United states of america and much of Europe), registry statistics are the all-time method for estimating the number of births and deaths.

A census is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data. A census is unremarkably conducted by a national government and attempts to enumerate every person in a country. In contrast to vital statistics data, which are typically collected continuously and summarized on an almanac ground, censuses typically occur only every 10 years or so, and thus are not usually the all-time source of data on births and deaths. Analyses are conducted after a demography to estimate how much over or undercounting took place. These compare the sex ratios from the census data to those estimated from natural values and mortality data.

Censuses do more but count people. They typically collect data about families or households in addition to private characteristics such equally age, sex, marital status, literacy/teaching, employment status, and occupation, and geographical location. They may likewise collect data on migration (or place of birth or of previous residence), language, religion, nationality (or ethnicity or race), and citizenship. In countries in which the vital registration system may exist incomplete, the censuses are also used as a straight source of information about fertility and mortality; for example the censuses of the People's Republic of China gather information on births and deaths that occurred in the 18 months immediately preceding the demography.

Charge per unit of homo population growth showing projections for subsequently this century^{[ commendation needed ]}

Indirect methods [edit]

Indirect methods of collecting data are required in countries and periods where full data are not available, such equally is the case in much of the developing globe, and most of historical demography. One of these techniques in contemporary census is the sis method, where survey researchers ask women how many of their sisters take died or had children and at what historic period. With these surveys, researchers tin can and so indirectly estimate birth or death rates for the unabridged population. Other indirect methods in contemporary census include request people about siblings, parents, and children. Other indirect methods are necessary in historical demography.

There are a diverseness of demographic methods for modelling population processes. They include models of mortality (including the life table, Gompertz models, hazards models, Cox proportional hazards models, multiple decrement life tables, Brass relational logits), fertility (Hermes model, Coale-Trussell models, parity progression ratios), marriage (Singulate Mean at Marriage, Page model), disability (Sullivan's method, multistate life tables), population projections (Lee-Carter model, the Leslie Matrix), and population momentum (Keyfitz).

The United Kingdom has a series of four national birth cohort studies, the starting time iii spaced apart by 12 years: the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development, the 1958 National Child Evolution Report,^[fifteen] the 1970 British Accomplice Written report,^[16] and the Millennium Cohort Study, begun much more recently in 2000. These have followed the lives of samples of people (typically outset with around 17,000 in each study) for many years, and are yet continuing. Every bit the samples have been drawn in a nationally representative way, inferences tin be fatigued from these studies about the differences betwixt four distinct generations of British people in terms of their health, education, attitudes, childbearing and employment patterns.^[17]

Common rates and ratios [edit]

• The crude birth rate, the annual number of live births per ane,000 people.
• The full general fertility rate, the annual number of live births per i,000 women of childbearing age (often taken to be from xv to 49 years quondam, simply sometimes from 15 to 44).
• The age-specific fertility rates, the annual number of live births per one,000 women in particular age groups (usually age xv–19, 20–24 etc.)
• The rough death rate, the annual number of deaths per one,000 people.
• The babe mortality rate, the annual number of deaths of children less than one year quondam per ane,000 live births.
• The expectation of life (or life expectancy), the number of years that an individual at a given age could expect to live at present mortality levels.
• The total fertility rate, the number of alive births per adult female completing her reproductive life, if her childbearing at each historic period reflected current age-specific fertility rates.
• The replacement level fertility, the average number of children women must accept in gild to supercede the population for the next generation. For example, the replacement level fertility in the U.s. is 2.11.^[18]
• The gross reproduction rate, the number of daughters who would exist born to a woman completing her reproductive life at electric current age-specific fertility rates.
• The net reproduction ratio is the expected number of daughters, per newborn prospective mother, who may or may not survive to and through the ages of childbearing.
• A stable population, 1 that has had constant rough birth and expiry rates for such a long period of fourth dimension that the percentage of people in every age class remains constant, or equivalently, the population pyramid has an unchanging structure.^[18]
• A stationary population, one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the deviation betwixt crude birth rate and rough decease rate is zero).^[18]

A stable population does not necessarily remain fixed in size. It tin can be expanding or shrinking.^[18]

Note that the crude decease rate as defined in a higher place and applied to a whole population can give a misleading impression. For case, the number of deaths per 1,000 people can exist college for developed nations than in less-developed countries, despite standards of health existence improve in adult countries. This is because developed countries accept proportionally more older people, who are more than likely to die in a given year, so that the overall mortality rate tin can be higher even if the mortality rate at any given age is lower. A more than complete pic of bloodshed is given by a life tabular array, which summarizes bloodshed separately at each age. A life table is necessary to requite a good gauge of life expectancy.

Basic equation regarding development of a population [edit]

Suppose that a land (or other entity) contains Population_t persons at time t. What is the size of the population at fourth dimension t + 1 ?

${\displaystyle {\text{Population}}_{t+1}={\text{Population}}_{t}+{\text{Natural Increase}}_{t}+{\text{Cyberspace Migration}}_{t}}$

Natural increase from time t to t + 1:

${\displaystyle {\text{Natural Increment}}_{t}={\text{Births}}_{t}-{\text{Deaths}}_{t}}$

Net migration from time t to t + one:

${\displaystyle {\text{Net Migration}}_{t}={\text{Immigration}}_{t}-{\text{Emigration}}_{t}}$

These basic equations tin also be practical to subpopulations. For instance, the population size of indigenous groups or nationalities inside a given society or land is field of study to the aforementioned sources of change. When dealing with indigenous groups, however, "net migration" might have to be subdivided into concrete migration and ethnic reidentification (assimilation). Individuals who change their ethnic self-labels or whose ethnic classification in government statistics changes over fourth dimension may be idea of as migrating or moving from one population subcategory to another.^[19]

More generally, while the basic demographic equation holds true by definition, in practice the recording and counting of events (births, deaths, clearing, emigration) and the enumeration of the full population size are subject to fault. And then allowance needs to be fabricated for fault in the underlying statistics when any accounting of population size or alter is made.

The figure in this section shows the latest (2004) UN projections of earth population out to the year 2150 (red = high, orange = medium, green = low). The Un "medium" projection shows earth population reaching an estimate equilibrium at 9 billion by 2075. Working independently, demographers at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria wait world population to peak at ix billion by 2070.^[20] Throughout the 21st century, the average age of the population is likely to go on to rise.

Science of population [edit]

Populations tin change through three processes: fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility involves the number of children that women have and is to exist contrasted with fecundity (a woman'due south childbearing potential).^[21] Mortality is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting expiry to members of the population. Demographers most commonly study bloodshed using the Life Tabular array, a statistical device that provides information about the mortality conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in the population.^[22]

Migration refers to the motility of persons from a locality of origin to a destination identify across some predefined, political purlieus. Migration researchers do not designate movements 'migrations' unless they are somewhat permanent. Thus demographers practise non consider tourists and travellers to exist migrating. While demographers who written report migration typically exercise so through census data on place of residence, indirect sources of data including revenue enhancement forms and labour force surveys are too important.^[23]

Demography is today widely taught in many universities beyond the world, attracting students with initial training in social sciences, statistics or health studies. Existence at the crossroads of several disciplines such every bit sociology, economic science, epidemiology, geography, anthropology and history, demography offers tools to approach a big range of population issues by combining a more technical quantitative approach that represents the core of the discipline with many other methods borrowed from social or other sciences. Demographic research is conducted in universities, in research institutes besides as in statistical departments and in several international agencies. Population institutions are part of the Cicred (International Commission for Coordination of Demographic Research) network while most individual scientists engaged in demographic research are members of the International Union for the Scientific Report of Population,^[24] or a national clan such as the Population Clan of America in the U.s.,^[25] or affiliates of the Federation of Canadian Demographers in Canada.^[26]

Encounter also [edit]

References [edit]

1. ^ See for etymology (origins) of census.
2. ^ "The Science of Population". demographicpartitions.org. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
3. ^ "UC Berkeley Demography department website".
4. ^ "What Are Patient Demographics?". 21 Dec 2011.
5. ^ Andrew Hinde Demographic Methods Ch. 1 ISBN 0-340-71892-7
6. ^ ^{a b c} Srivastava, Sangya (Dec 2005). S.C.Srivastava,Studies in Demography, p.39-41. ISBN9788126119929.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Peter Biller,The measure of multitude: Population in medieval thought[ane].
8. ^ See, due east.g., Andrey Korotayev, Artemy Malkov, & Daria Khaltourina (2006). Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the Earth Arrangement Growth. Moscow: URSS, ISBN 5-484-00414-4.
9. ^ "Our Yesterdays: the History of the Actuarial Profession in Due north America, 1809-1979," by E.J. (Jack) Moorhead, FSA, ( 1/23/10 – 2/21/04), published by the Society of Actuaries as part of the profession'south centennial celebration in 1989.
10. ^ The History of Insurance, Vol 3, Edited past David Jenkins and Takau Yoneyama (i 85196 527 0): viii Volume Set: ( 2000) Availability: Japan: Kinokuniya).
11. ^ von Valtier, William F. (June 2011). ""An Extravagant Assumption": The Demographic Numbers behind Benjamin Franklin's Xx-Five-Year Doubling Flow" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 155 (2): 158–188. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
12. ^ Zirkle, Conway (25 Apr 1941). "Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species'". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Order. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. 84 (one): 71–123. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 984852.
13. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 169.
14. ^ de Gans, Henk and Frans van Poppel (2000) Contributions from the margins. Dutch statisticians, actuaries and medical doctors and the methods of demography in the time of Wilhelm Lexis. Workshop on 'Lexis in Context: German and Eastern& Northern European Contributions to Demography 1860-1910' at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Enquiry, Rostock, August 28 and 29, 2000.
15. ^ Power C and Elliott J (2006). "Accomplice profile: 1958 British Cohort Written report". International Journal of Epidemiology. 35 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1093/ije/dyi183. PMID 16155052.
16. ^ Elliott J and Shepherd P (2006). "Cohort profile: 1970 British Nascency Cohort (BCS70)". International Journal of Epidemiology. 35 (4): 836–43. doi:x.1093/ije/dyl174. PMID 16931528.
17. ^ The final three are run by the Centre for Longitudinal Studies
18. ^ ^{a b c d} Introduction to ecology engineering and science past Masters and Ela, 2008, Pearson Education, chapter three
19. ^ See, for instance, Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Estimating Russification of Indigenous Identity Among Non-Russians in the USSR," Demography, Vol. xx, No. 4 (Nov., 1983): 461-489.
20. ^ Lutz, Wolfgang; Sanderson, Warren; Scherbov, Sergei (19 June 1997). "Doubling of world population unlikely" (PDF). Nature. 387 (6635): 803–805. Bibcode:1997Natur.387..803L. doi:10.1038/42935. PMID 9194559. S2CID 4306159. Archived from the original (PDF) on xvi December 2008. Retrieved 2008-eleven-13 .
21. ^ John Bongaarts. The Fertility-Inhibiting Effects of the Intermediate Fertility Variables. Studies in Family Planning, Vol. thirteen, No. half dozen/7. (Jun. - Jul., 1982), pp. 179-189.
22. ^ "N C H Southward - Life Tables".
23. ^ Donald T. Rowland Demographic Methods and Concepts Ch. 11 ISBN 0-19-875263-6
24. ^ "International Matrimony for the Scientific Study of Population".
25. ^ "Population Association of America".
26. ^ Canadian Population Society Archived 26 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine

Farther reading [edit]

• Josef Ehmer, Jens Ehrhardt, Martin Kohli (Eds.): Fertility in the History of the 20th Century: Trends, Theories, Policies, Discourses. Historical Social Enquiry 36 (2), 2011.
• Glad, John. 2008. Futurity Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-Beginning Century. Hermitage Publishers, ISBN 1-55779-154-half dozen
• Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. 2011. Ageing and Longevity: Mortality Laws and Bloodshed Forecasts for Ageing Populations [In Czech: Stárnutí a dlouhověkost: Zákony a prognózy úmrtnosti pro stárnoucí populace]. Demografie, 53(2): 109–128.
• Preston, Samuel, Patrick Heuveline, and Michel Guillot. 2000. Census: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Blackwell Publishing.
• Gavrilov L.A., Gavrilova N.S. 2010. Demographic Consequences of Defeating Aging. Rejuvenation Enquiry, thirteen(2-3): 329–334.
• Paul R. Ehrlich (1968), The Population Bomb Controversial Neo-Malthusianist pamphlet
• Leonid A. Gavrilov & Natalia Due south. Gavrilova (1991), The Biology of Life Bridge: A Quantitative Approach. New York: Harwood Academic Publisher, ISBN 3-7186-4983-vii
• Uhlenberg P. (Editor), (2009) International Handbook of the Demography of Crumbling, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 113–131.
• Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll (Eds.). 2003. The Encyclopedia of Population. New York, Macmillan Reference USA, vol.1, 32-37
• Phillip Longman (2004), The Empty Cradle: how falling birth rates threaten global prosperity and what to do near information technology
• Sven Kunisch, Stephan A. Boehm, Michael Boppel (eds) (2011). From Grey to Silver: Managing the Demographic Change Successfully, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, ISBN 978-three-642-15593-ii
• Joe McFalls (2007), Population: A Lively Introduction, Population Reference Bureau
• Ben J. Wattenberg (2004), How the New Demography of Depopulation Will Shape Our Future. Chicago: R. Dee, ISBN 1-56663-606-X

External links [edit]

Wait up demography in Wiktionary, the complimentary dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demography.

Wikisource has original works on the topic: Census

• Quick demography data lookup
• Census at Curlie
• Historicalstatistics.org Links to historical demographic and economic statistics
• United nations Population Division: Homepage
  • Earth Population Prospects, the 2012 Revision, Population estimates and projections for 230 countries and areas
  • World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision, Estimates and projections of urban and rural populations and urban agglomerations
  • Probabilistic Population Projections, the 2nd Revision, Probabilistic Population Projections, based on the 2010 Revision of the World Population Prospects.
• Java Simulation of Population Dynamics.
• Basic Guide to the Globe: Population changes and trends, 1960 to 2003
• Brief review of globe basic demographic trends
• Family and Fertility Surveys (FFS)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography

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